Toward vs. Towards How to Choose the Right Word

Is that car hurtling toward you or towards you? Are you looking toward or towards a fulfilling retirement? Although the meaning of toward and towards is contextually the same (much like gray and grey), where and how they are used can make a difference. How to Use Toward Typically used to mean â€Å"in the direction of,† toward and towards are equally acceptable spellings, and as prepositions, they are commonly used interchangeably. That said, it should be noted that the rules of formal English writing do not always apply in informal settings. For example, American writers and speakers, when intentionally attempting to write or speak in a more colloquial or â€Å"down-home† style, sometimes use towards rather than toward. In such cases, the use of towards in North American English is completely acceptable. A study of American books, magazines, and newspapers published from 1800 to 2000 shows that the transition from the formerly British-favored towards to the now North American–favored toward began around 1900. Other usages include meaning in relation to, such as when talking about your feelings toward something or for a purpose of, such as when youre working toward something. How to Use Towards Towards is preferred by English speakers outside of North America. Coming from the Old English word tà ³weard, also generally meaning â€Å"in the direction of,† toward is actually the older spelling, originating during the fifth century.  Geoffrey Chaucer wrote his classic ​The Canterbury Tales in Middle English between 1387 and 1400 in a time before English language spelling had become standardized. Despite writing a purely British text, Chaucer uses toward—the modern accepted North American English spelling—throughout The Canterbury Tales. Towards rose in popularity, eventually becoming the dominant spelling, during the 17th century and remained the most common spelling among all English speakers until American English speakers turned to toward  during the 19th century. By a ratio of about 10-to-1, newspapers and magazines in the United Kingdom and Australia favor the use towards rather than toward. Examples No matter the spelling, the word is always a preposition, so there will always be an object following it. Here are a few examples, showing different types of usage: The cat sneaked toward the bird. (movement in a direction; the object is the bird)Our concert tickets are toward the stage at the front of the venue. (location; the object is the stage)Unfortunately, her feelings toward him had changed. (in relation to; the object is him)I put some money in the fund, which is going toward a house down payment. (for the purpose of; the object is the house down payment) If you were writing these sentences for a U.K. audience, you could write them the same way, just add the s to the end of toward. How to Remember the Difference Because the words mean the same thing, theres no difference to remember except that youll use toward when writing for an American audience and towards when writing for the British—and even if you make a mistake, the meaning of the sentence will not be affected. The -Ward and -Wards Suffixes Toward and towards are far from the only similarly spelled â€Å"directional† words. Over the centuries, the suffixes -ward and -wards have given rise to several similar words. Today, the same general rule of interchangeability that applies to toward and towards applies  to word pairs such as forward and forwards, backward and backwards, upward and upwards, downward and downwards, and afterward and afterwards. Sources Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. British Library, The British Library Board.Toward. Cambridge English Dictionary, Cambridge University Press.Toward, Towards. Google Books Ngram Viewer.Towards. Cambridge English Dictionary, Cambridge University Press.Word Fact: Toward vs. Towards. Dictionary.com.

Essay on London 1908 - The Court of Honor - 961 Words

London 1908 - The Court of Honor By day it is a vision of dazzling whiteness, with its tiled court and plashing cool waters, its pointed arcades and lattice windows. At night it is equally effective with its thousands of lights and the rainbow colours of the cascade. ~Robert W. Carden, Architectural Review July, 1908 Despite varied opinions about the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition, an event designed to confirm the friendly relations between France and Britain as described in the Entente Cordiale, there was collective praise for the Court of Honor. The full grandeur of the Court can hardly be felt by an image. As visitors entered from the main gates of Wood Lane, the Court of Honor was their first impression of the†¦show more content†¦Already impressive during the day, the view was brilliant at night: a cascade of water flowed over a framework of semi-opaque glass with colored lights beneath, producing a brilliant rainbow of light (Carden). Surrounding structures were illuminated by lanterns and other electrical lighting. Imre Kiralfy, its coordinator, was the driving force behind the fair. He had found previous fame in running extravagant exhibitions, and lived up to expectations by planning the Franco-British Exhibition concurrently with that years Olympiad, held in a stadium nearby. Kiralfy saw the fair as an opportunity to gain cultural respectability; however, since he was not a trained architect, he received much criticism on his designs. He designed the Court of Honor as well as the steel frames for all of the major buildings, then consulted the architects who devised the plaster facades to create the White City. Many critics felt that he limited the creativity of the architects by giving them pre-planned structures for their buildings. Placing blame on Kiralfy, they denounced the cosmetic role leading architects were asked to fulfill, pointing out the vulgar error of putting the wrong end of the stick before the horse. (Greenhalgh). There were also complaints that the buildings did not fit tog ether, despite the overall whiteness of the fair. This was mainly the result of two very different countries contributing architecturally to theShow MoreRelated London 1908, Machinery Hall Essay622 Words   |  3 Pagesmissing image London 1908, Machinery Hall This image represents the entrance to Machinery Hall of the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition in London. The original is one in a series of 3.5 x 5.5-inch postcards, printed by Valentine Sons Ltd. The Machinery Hall covered 125,000 square yards. In this image it looks very elaborate, garish, and reminiscent of Gothic architecture. The flags seen on the top of the building are French and British. 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Issues Surrounding Water Resources in England Free Essays

The intent of this paper is to sketch the issues i.e. ( environmental, economic and societal issues ) environing H2O resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Surrounding Water Resources in England or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will briefly explicate what H2O resources are and will foreground the force per unit area towards the building industry in the South East of England. Adding on to this will be how the lodging development has a negative consequence to environment and land usage, which will be advised through how sustainable development and building aid to decide these issue and over these jobs now and the in the hereafter. Initially, H2O is seen as a resource that comes in an limitless supply, it gets used by farming and other industries, every bit good as the population in the south E of England. There are three chief beginnings: reservoirs, rivers and belowground aquifers. The chief job is there an increasing demand for H2O supply as every twelvemonth ; around 18 billion dozenss of H2O is taken from these beginnings in England and merely 6 billion is put back into H2O supply. Electricity coevals uses 9 billion metric tons, industry uses 2.1 billion metric tons, farming utilizations 0.2 billion metric tons, and the other utilizations such as fish agriculture history for the remainder ( Benn, 2008 ) . Water resources is an of all time increasing demand within the South East of England and has few development force per unit areas to run into these factors such as the increasing population, economic activity, low rainfall and impact of clime alteration ( Environment Agency,2005 ) . All of these factors r elate to the building industry as you will necessitate adequate H2O to run into the lifting demand for the new lodging and domestic building ( Every and Foley, 2005 ) . Furthermore, the population of England and Wales is projected to turn by approximately 5 % over the following 20 old ages. New lodging development will turn even more rapidly, with 80 % of demand being for single-person homes ( Environment Agency,2005 ) , and that has looping consequence back to climate alteration, doing drouths by abstractions from rivers and boreholes to run into the demands of many more families utilizing much more H2O, go forthing H2O tabular arraies and rivers being structurally depleted and wetlands degraded. The wildlife is dependent on them has been forced into tighter corridors, with some populations ( Warren, 2007 ) . Another job highlighted by an environment protection run is that the H2O systems have an increased sum of emphasis because more houses are being built obviously and that is going excessively much for the systems in topographic point to take attention of. The H2O systems are environing them with difficult tally off surfaces such as private roads, roads and roofs. The Government lodging marks continually add more emphasis ( Warren, 2007 ) . These actions are supported and maintained in the models for H2O supply and edifice ordinances that are considered good pattern by right minded persons. However, this is non the right thing as the degree of emphasis on H2O systems on the South East is excessively high so the lone manner to battle this is with utilizing new inducements and methods to cut down the emphasis and this pull offing H2O as an available, renewable resource. In the following portion, this essay will concentrate on the constructs how sustainable development relates to H2O resources. Sustainable development is a critical tool that manages the measure and quality of H2O resources in a preserved and healthy mode ( Flint,2004 ) . Besides, sustainable development is how South East England conserves H2O and how the H2O boards can better their substructure to be more efficient with waste. This will be work outing and cut downing the use of H2O and managing through The Government, OFWAT, Environment Agency, and The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) is responsible for all facets of H2O policy in England and Wales. The Environment Agency, the Office of Water Services and the Drinking Water Inspectorate have their model set out by them from the DEFRA ( DEFRA,2004 ) . Water companies are meant to hold a H2O resources direction program which indicates how the H2O company preserves stableness between the supply and demand for H2O over the following decennary or so ( Environment Agency, 2005 ) . Companies such as Defra have to stay by these ordinances so that they are justifiable and they do non be much money. Inherently, the supply-demand concatenation compares the available size of the H2O supply to a forecast demand for a H2O resource zone. By utilizing the H2O resources direction programs that company’s usage, The Environment Agency can work with them to be after and foretell declarations to battle any shortages in the supply. The H2O resources direction program that has been put in topographic point has really improved the supply and demand balance for the whole of the South East of England. This basically means that there is less countries with deficient H2O to run into monolithic demands in a dry twelvemonth. Besides, the betterment could besides be down to H2O companies implementing smaller supply strategies such as upgrading boreholes ( Environment Agency, 2005 ) . Another issue that sustainable development improves H2O resources is through forestalling and cut downing escape. Water companies have helped decreased the degrees of escape in the South East of England, it was recorded that in 1999/2000 the sum degrees reported where 522 million liters per twenty-four hours whereas late it’s been reduced to 507 million liters per twenty-four hours in 2008/2009 ( Environment Agency, 2005 ) . However, in retrospect even though it has been reduced by an sum, it still doesn’t seem like a big decrease has been made, hence, one manner it can be reduced even more is if The Office for Water Services ( Ofwat ) could implement leakage marks ( Every and Foley, 2005 ) . Water companies should hold to be enforced a punishment if they fail to run into certain escape marks that are set up to cut down waste. Another method of how sustainable development improves pull offing the demand for H2O would be through H2O metering, since it assist promotes more efficient usage of H2O. It is reported that houses within England, merely 30 % have a H2O metre installed ( Benn,2008 ) . Water metres encourage the client to salvage money while salvaging H2O ; this in bend ends up being an effectual H2O salvaging step, since H2O ingestion for families is reduced by 10 % when a metre is installed. Additionally, another construct that overcomes and finds solutions to H2O resource direction is sustainable building. Sustainable Construction in relation to H2O resources is how designers can plan edifices to cut down H2O use. What things can be installed to cut down the sum of H2O? Sustainable Construction is fundamentally how can architects design edifices to assist cut down H2O use and to assist cut down H2O use and types of devices that can be installed to cut down the sum of H2O used. Problems with the south E of England is that it’s invariably in a high demand for H2O supply, therefore going the driest parts of the UK, this in bend has affected Domestic Water Consumption to increase by 70 % ( Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council, 2009 ) . Besides, sustainable building helps cut down the strain on the H2O industry by utilizing H2O efficiency steps that can be implemented into new edifices and old. Water salvaging devices such as affaire d’honneur flower /low flush lavatories can cut down the flower volume by a twosome of liters of H2O ( HM Government, 2008 ) . Another step would be holding arid urinals alternatively since standard urinals use around 6-10 liters of H2O to blush, this can besides be followed up with self-closing lights-outs that are inexpensive and easy to put in every bit good as the fact that self-closing lights-outs automatically close the H2O flow in order to salvage H2O ( HM Government, 2008 ) . Another step that is really efficient is rainwater reaping, this involves the aggregation of H2O that would hold most likely been wasted by traveling down the drain or being lost through warming. A H2O butt is implemented so that it can roll up rainwater from any pipe in the garden. Much larger systems can roll up rainwater and filter it from the roof or big countries environing the belongings ( Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council, 2009 ) . However, this H2O isn’t for devouring but more to provide lavatories and rinsing machines. Water butts are chiefly for domestic families whereas big systems are used for schools and offices. Besides, rescued H2O is another cardinal characteristic of sustainable building. Reclaimed H2O is H2O which has already been used. There are 2 types of rescued H2O and they are gray H2O recycling and black H2O recycling. Grey H2O recycling consists of H2O that has been used in baths and wash basins which can be sterilized on site and used for intents such as lavatory flushing and irrigating the garden ; this nevertheless is non suited imbibing H2O. The other signifier of rescued H2O is black H2O recycling, that is used for lavatory flushing and rinsing up, this can be reused though an intricate system that breaks down the solids and purifies the H2O to be reused. This besides isn’t suited imbibing H2O and has high care costs for domestic families ; this would accommodate better for big belongingss or sites. In Conclusion, In order to react to the environmental force per unit areas confronting the South East, in a manner that doesn’t merely work out one job by doing another, means that society has to alter, and alteration in ways that move it towards integrated, sustainable development. Environmental issues cut across both economic and societal concerns and this must be embraced if we are to successfully turn to and present sustainable solutions. Word count: 1,551 Mentions Political campaign to Protect Rural England, ( 2007 ) .A Water Resource Strategy for the South East of England. Kent: CPRE Kent, pp.5-39. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( DEPRA ) , ( 2004 ) .Making infinite for H2O. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, pp.7-39. Environment Agency, ( 2010 ) .State of the Environment – South East England. Bristol: Environment Agency, pp.20-34. Every, L. and Foley, J. ( 2005 ) .Pull offing Water Resources and Flood Risk in the South East. 1st erectile dysfunction. [ ebook ] London: The Institute for Public Policy Research, pp.1-27. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ippr.org/assets/media/ecomm/files/SE H2O 1.pdf [ Accessed 29 Nov. 2014 ] . Flint, W. ( 2004 ) . The Sustainable Development of Water Resources.Water Resources Update, ( 127 ) , pp.48-59. HM Government, ( 2014 ) .Future Water The Government’s H2O scheme for England. Norwich: TSO ( The Stationery Office ) , pp.7-80. Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Local Development Framework, ( 2009 ) .Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Local Development Framework. Hymen: Planning and Development Unit, pp.22-24. How to cite Issues Surrounding Water Resources in England, Essay examples